Renal and Urinary Bladder Ultrasound

Renal ultrasound is frequently the first-line imaging modality for patients with acute kidney injury or urinary tract symptoms, being a cost-effective, radiation-free, and easily performed examination. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of point-of-care renal ultrasound, covering kidney anatomy and various pathologies, including hydronephrosis, renal stones, pyelonephritis, renal cysts, tumors, vascular abnormalities, and assessment of renal transplants. Additionally, this chapter delves into urinary bladder ultrasound, discussing the estimation of urine volume and common abnormalities such as enlarged prostate and urinary catheter malfunction. This chapter also addresses the limitations of ultrasonography and potential challenges in diagnosing pathologies that may share similar sonographic features. © 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.