abstract
-
Power grid operation focuses on minimizing generation costs that satisfy energy consumption and transmission losses. However, dispatching cheaper fossil fuel generators leads to a significant increase in carbon dioxide (CO
2 ) emissions. This work addresses the CO2 emission problem in power grids by using battery energy storage systems (BESS) to smoothly control the CO2 emission factor. We propose two BESS operating strategies to perform CO2 time-shift at both system-wide and generator levels. We examine this BESS capability using an improved two-stage security-constrained economic dispatch (SCED) recognizing the trade-off between economic and environmental objectives. The first stage establishes baseline CO2 emissions for the power grid and generators. The second stage involves the solution of the bi-objective optimization problem. The effectiveness of the approach is showcased using two case studies. We studied the IEEE 5-bus and 39-bus test systems incorporating several BESS, using 5-minute, 1-hour look-ahead power dispatch timeframes. The system's behavior achieved with BESS exceeds expectations. The participation of BESS not only provides significant economic benefits but also allows CO2 emission control. The power grid achieves operating cost savings and a reduction in nodal marginal prices. Therefore, BESS can promote cleaner system operation while counteracting rising generation costs when decreasing CO2 emissions. © 2025 The Authors