In this work, ZnO¿SnO¿ (ZS) thin films¿undoped, Al-doped, Ag-doped, and Ag¿Al co-doped¿were deposited on glass substrates using nebulized spray pyrolysis (NSP). XRD confirmed the coexistence of wurtzite ZnO and rutile SnO¿ phases, with dopant incorporation, inducing lattice strain (7.1¿8.2 µm/m) and crystallite size variations (14.5¿16.2 nm). SEM revealed a change from dense dual-phase aggregates in undoped films to porous microstructures in Ag¿Al co-doped samples. Methylene blue (MB) decoloration followed pseudo¿first-order kinetics with rate constants (k) ranging from 0.022 to 0.026 min¿¹. The Ag¿Al co-doped ZS film achieved ~99 % MB decolorization within 120 min, outperforming other samples. The enhanced performance is attributed to the combined effects of electron trapping by Ag, oxygen-vacancy generation by Al, and the synergistic morphological changes, which together promote efficient charge separation and surface reactivity. NSP reliably produces tunable, efficient, and scalable ZnO¿SnO¿ photocatalysts.
