Purpose of Review: This review examines the interactions and cascading impacts of compound climate extremes, such as concurrent droughts, heatwaves, and floods, under climate change. It highlights their growing yet often overlooked threats to water quality, food security, and ecosystem resilience, and emphasizes their systemic implications for coupled human¿environment systems. Recent Findings: Recent literature reveals that compound extremes such as concurrent droughts, floods, and heatwaves generate amplified and disproportionate impacts due to their interdependent dynamics. Urbanization intensifies these effects by disrupting hydrological processes and enhancing thermal retention through mechanisms like the urban heat island effect. Despite growing recognition of their complexity, most predictive models remain limited by inadequate feedback integration, insufficient spatiotemporal resolution, and uneven regional adaptation capacities. This review highlights mounting evidence that compound extremes significantly degrade water quality by mobilizing both geogenic and emerging contaminants such as heavy metals, nutrients, pharmaceuticals, and microplastics under shifting flow, temperature, and redox conditions. While quantile-based thresholds and hazard overlays are commonly used for characterizing these events, gaps remain in linking compound hazard typologies with contaminant pathways and water system responses across diverse climatic and infrastructural contexts. Summary: This review synthesizes global literature on compound climate extremes to identify event patterns, vulnerabilities, and modeling gaps. It underscores the need for integrated planning, early warning systems, and adaptive governance to manage escalating multi-hazard risks. Particular focus is placed on emerging contaminant mobilization, urban stressors, and scalable resilience strategies, offering actionable insights for climate-informed decision-making.
