abstract
- Bisphenol A (BPA), an infamous xenoestrogen, can cause the inimical environmental and health implications via generation of extremely reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or by mimicking the endocrine activity. The intention of this study was to understand the concentration range of BPA between 0.02-200 µg mL¿1 that may induce DNA damage and cytotoxicity, individually and/or through amelioration by gallic acid (GA) (10¿50 µg mL¿1) in HepG2 cell line by Comet, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and MTT assay. The results revealed that BPA was not found genotoxic (0.02¿0.2 µg mL¿1) and cytotoxic at low dose exposure (0.02 µg mL¿1). However, BPA at a concentration of 2-200 µg mL¿1, induced significant DNA damage and cytotoxicity (p<0.05) in a dose-relying manner in HepG2 cell line. However, DNA damage and cytotoxicity were inhibited when GA (10¿50 g mL-1) and BPA (200 g mL-1) were added together. To investigate the mechanism of toxicity and the binding potential of BPA/BPA-Q to DNA and GA, an in silico molecular docking approach and molecular dynamics simulation were performed. The obtained results revealed strong binding affinity between BPA/BPA-Q with DNA which induces DNA damage.