Insights into precision nutrition: nutrigenetics and gut microbiota as complementary tools to personalize dietary interventions Perspectivas en nutrición de precisión: la nutrigenética y la microbiota intestinal como herramientas complementarias para personalizar las intervenciones dietéticas
Academic Article in Scopus
Plant-based, low-fat, and carbohydrate-restricted diets have been linked to a reduced risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. However, recent trends emphasize the need for precision nutrition approaches, a field leveraging genomics, microbiome data, and other phenotypic factors to tailor dietary recommendations to individual needs. This manuscript aimed to provide an updated perspective on how nutrigenetics and gut microbiota contribute to improving the effectiveness and individual response to different dietary patterns. Key findings reveal that plant-based diets, especially Mediterranean dietary patterns, improve metabolic biomarkers and modulate gut microbiota composition in a healthy manner. On the other hand, low-fat diets have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and circulating lipid profiles, with SNPs and other genetic markers influencing individual responses. Moreover, carbohydrate-restricted diets promote fat metabolism and weight loss, with genetic and microbiome variations modulating individual outcomes. While the genus Dorea decreased on the Mediterranean and carbohydrate-restricted diets, Bifidobacterium increased on the plant-based and low-fat diets. In conclusion, precision nutrition offers a promising framework to optimize dietary interventions by considering both genetic and gut microbiota profiles. These complementary approaches highlight the potential of personalized dietary strategies to enhance adherence and improve health outcomes.
